Kitinazlar ve akci?er hastal?klar?
Serap DURU, Melike Y?CEEGE, Sad?k ARDI?
SB D??kap? Y?ld?r?m Beyaz?t E?itim ve Ara?t?rma Hastanesi, G???s Hastal?klar? Klini?i, Ankara.
?ZET
Kitinazlar ve akci?er hastal?klar?
?nsan v?cudunda kitin olmamas?na ra?men kitin ve kitinin baz? yapay substratlar?n? hidroliz eden kitinaz enzimleri eksprese edilmektedir.? Kitinazlar?n insandaki patofizyolojik fonksiyonlar? tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Son kan?tlar kitinazlar?n imm?n yan?t ve inflamatuvar sistemde rol ald???n? g?stermektedir. Bu derlemede, kitinazlar?n akci?er hastal?klar?ndaki rol?n? literat?r bilgileri e?li?inde tart??t?k.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kitinazlar, akci?er, imm?nite.
SUMMARY
Chitinases and lung diseases
SERAP DURU, Melike Y?CEEGE, Sad?k ARDI?
Clinic of Chest Diseases, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
Chitinase enzymes that hydrolize chitin and some articficial substrates are expressed in human despite lacking of the endogenous chitin within the body. Chitinases phatophysiological functions within human are not fully known. Recent evidence revealed that chitinases may have role into some processes of immune responses and inflammatory system. In this review, we discuss the role of chitinases in lung diseases based on the available information from the literature.
Key Words: Chitinases, lung, immunity.
Tuberk Toraks 2013; 61(1): 71-75 • doi: 10.5578/tt.3773
Geli? Tarihi/Received: 19/05/2012 - Kabul Edili? Tarihi/Accepted: 13/06/2012
Today there have been mant recent studies carreid out so as to identify the pathogenesis of the diseases or ameliorate the prognosis of the diseases. One of the major areas of research are those relevant to the chitinases which has been accelerated especially since 1990s.
Chitin is the most common polysaccaride after cellulose (N-acetyl-beta-D-glicosamine) in nature. Chitin is found as a structural component in the external skeleton of the arthropodes, cell membrane of the fungi, the microfilial sheath of the parasitic nematodes and the wall of many of the insects' gastrointestinal channels. Chitin helps to protect the living creature internally and from environmental organisms (1,2).
There is no chitin in human body, but it is interesting that there are enzymes called chitinases which break down chitin and genes which encode those in the human body system (3). Hollak and co. were the first to detect increased chitinase (chitotriosidase) activity in the plasma in Gaucher disease in 1994 (4). The accumulation of sphingolipids causes excessive amount of chitotriosidase synthesis and secretion (100-1000 fold).
Until now, an additonal seven different kinds of chitinases have been discovered along with the chitotriosidase in the chitinase family. Although chitotriosidase, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and di-N-acetyl chitobiase have real chitinase activity, YKL-40 (chitinase-3 like protein 1, human cartilage glyc?protein 39) named as chitolectine, YKL-39 (chitinase 3-like protein 2, chondrocyte protein 39), oviductine, LOC149620, SI-CLP (Stabiline-1 interacting chitinase like protein) have no enzyme activity, but they all have oligosaccaride binding capability.
The seventh of the eight genes (that belong to glicoside hydolase 18 family) which code chitinases in human genom is located on the 1st chromosome (chitotriosidase: 1q32.1, AMCase: 1p13.2, YKL-40: 1q32.1, YKL-39: 1q13.2, Ovuductine: 1p13.2, di-N acetyl chitobias: 1p22, LOC149620: 1p13.2), while other one (SI-CLP: 11p15.5) is situated on 11th chromosome (5).
Chitotriosidase has fungustatic activity and is released from activated macrophages (6). The blood level increases in diseases such as Gaucher, Nieman Pick, Fabry, Alzheimer, bacterial and malarial diseases, atherosclerosis and sarcoidosis (2). Acidic mammal chitinase occurs in CD+ T helper two mediated immune response and furthermore it is available in lung and gastrointestinal system (7). The blood level increases in allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rinit and konjuctivitis. Di-acetylchitobias serves in the lysosomal destruction of the glicoproteins binded with chitin and asparagine (8).
YKL-40 is released from snovial fibroblasts,chondrocytes, neutrophils, smooth muscle cells, macrophages and malign tumour cells. It contributes to inflammation, angiogenesis and remodeling, cell proliferation, adesion and migration (9).
YKL-39 is released from macrophages, fibroblasts and chondrocytes. The blood level increases in inflammatory bone diseases such as osteoarthritis (10).
Ovuductinine is released from ovuductal epithelial cells. It is believed to occur in development and fertilisation of embryo (11).
SI-CLP's role in health and disease is not clearly known. It is released from the endotele cells of liver, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow and tissue macrophages (9).
The chitinase activity in different lung diseases is investigated lately. In this article, we aim to highlight the role of chitinases in lung diseases.
The chitinases take place in lung diseases are shown in Table 1.
Chitinases and Asthma
Asthma is the chronic inflammatory disease of the airway. The inflammatory mediators take part in the asthma pathogenesis and structurel changes such as subepithelial fibrosis and remodeling occur (12). The modulation of the inflammation in asthma is commited by Th2 lymphocytes. Th2 lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and mast cells accumulate in the inflammation region in the lung following the few hours of allergen exposure. In the studies with the AMCase, its expression has been shown to increase during Th2 inflammation in the mouse lung (13). Elias and co have demonstrated interleukin (IL)-13 to regulate the production of chitin and chitin-like proteins (14). The AMCase level has been shown to increase in asthmatic patients due to the chitin in the cell membrane of fungi such as cryptococcus, aspergillus and streptomyces in the later studies (15,16,17). Besides, the existence of genetic polimorphysm in AMCase has been shown in asthmatic patients (18). The AMCase also increases in cases with chronic sinusitis accompanying with nasal polip (19). YKL-40 is first defined as BRP-39 in mammary cancer cells in mice and it is expressed from macrophages, neutrophils and fibroblasts in the lung (20). Nucleotid polymorphism related to YKL-40 has been demonstrated in asthmatic patients and shown to be a useful marker in the follow up of the severity of asthma (21). In a recent study, YKL-40 expression is demonstrated in the bronchial smooth muscle cells got by bronchial biopsy in asthmatic patients (22). The AMCase and YKL-40 have been considered to be usefull markers in the monitorisation of the severity of asthma (5).
Chitinases and COPD
Chitinase activity has been demonstrated to be increased in the mouse model lungs with COPD recently (23). Chitinase activity was detected to be increased in bronchoalveoler lavage of smoker patients with COPD in another study (24).
YKL-40 level was increased in sputum specimens of COPD patients proportionally with the macrophage and neutrophil number which show increase with airway obstruction (25). YKL-40 is considered to take part in pulmonary inflammation and empysematous changes in smoker patients with COPD (26).
As a result, it is considered that chitinases can have roles in formation and progression of COPD and further studies are still required in this area.
Chitinases and Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a systemic noncaseified granulomotous disease with unknown etiology and is characterised by lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltration, eye and skin lesions. There are studies with chitinases in sarcoidosis which is regulated by T cell mediated immunity-stimulated by cytokines and TNF alpha. Blood serum chitotriosidase activity was found to be higher in active sarcoidosis patients than inactive sarcoidosis patients. As a result, it is estimated that the defence against pathogens containing chitin could have taken part in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis (27). Blood serum chitotriosidase was found to be higher in sarcoidosis than tuberculosis and control group (28). Increased blood serum chitotriosidase and soluble IL-12 receptor levels are shown to be useful markers in evaluating the severity of the disease in an other study in pulmonary sarcoidosis patients (29). SI-CLP level was found to be high in sarcoidosis patients under steroid therapy (30). Dexamethasone and IL-4 were shown to increase SI-CLP mRNA expression from the macrophages.
It was reported that YKL-40 expression occured both from macrophages and from the giant cells in the granuloma in an other study (31).
As a result, the increase in chitinase activity is believed to be related with the active macrophages and T cell mediated immunity in sarcoidosis. Chitinases can be used in defining the activity and monitoring the therapy.
Chitinases and pulmonary tuberculosis
Chitotriosidase level was found to be higher in pleural effusions due to tuberculosis than nonspecific pleural effusion. Besides, significant relation was demonstrated between chitotriosidase and adenosine deaminase activities (32). Blood serum YKL-40 level of patients with tuberculosis pleuritis was found to be higher than patients with effusions due to malign or cardiac causes (33).
Chitinases and cystic fibrosis
There are reported studies encouraging the usage of YKL-40 as a marker in cystic fibrosis. In a recent study, YKL-40 level has been found to be higher in blood and sputum specimens of the cystic fibrosis patients compared to control group (34).
Chitinases and pneumonia
YKL-40 level has been reported to be higher in patients' serum with pneumonia than patients with asthma, lung cancer and control group in a current study (33). YKL-40 level can be high especially in streptococcal pneumonia. YKL is secreted from the localised activated macrophages and neutrophils in the inflammation region.
Chitinases and lung cancer
Within the chitinases, although YKL-40's biological role is not clear, it is thought to take part in the prolipheration, differentiation, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling of the malign cells (35).
YKL-40 is increased in the serum of patients with solid tumours. YKL-40 level is found to be higher in lung cancer patients (36). It is believed that the increase in YKL-40 level is a bad prognostic factor and related with short survival. YKL-40 mRNA expression was showed to be made strongly from the peritumoural macrophages (37).
Conclusions
Although the physiologic role of the chitinase is not yet exactly known, it has been shown that chitinases take place in the immune system and is a part of the natural immune system in the clinical studies. Furthermore, chitinases can be used as a screening test in Gaucher disease and activity and follow up in sarcoidosis so new and comprehensive clinical studies are required. In this way the pathogenesis and different therapies of many diseases can be found by the help of these studies.
CONFLICT of INTEREST
None declared.
REFERENCES
Yaz??ma Adresi (Address for Correspondence):
Dr. Serap DURU,
SB D??kap? Y?ld?r?m Beyaz?t
E?itim ve Ara?t?rma Hastanesi,
G???s Hastal?klar? Klini?i,
ANKARA - TURKEY
e-mail: akcalis@hotmail.com